Operational Facilities

ESTABLISHED: 1947
SIZE: 10 acres (435,600 square feet)
BUDGET: $23.1 million (5.6 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 0 [federal]; 375 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Conducts basic research on nuclear materials and nuclear waste remediation
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: 15.5 grams of plutonium and 31 grams of uranium-235
CONTRACTOR: Iowa State University (formerly Iowa State College)

Argonne National Laboratory [ANL]
(Argonne, IL [ANL-East], 22 miles southwest of downtown Chicago, and Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho [ANL-West])

ESTABLISHED: July 1, 1946
SIZE: 1,704 acres (2.7 square miles) [ANL-E]
BUDGET: $342.8 million ANL-East (9.3 percent defense-related); $71.0 million ANL-West (6.8 percent defense-related) [not including DOE's Chicago Operations Office] (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 315 [federal]; 3,862 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Conducts research on advanced nuclear reactor technologies.
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: 1.15 kilograms of plutonium and less than one metric ton of uranium-235 [ANL-E]; 4.0 metric tons of plutonium-239 and less than 10 metric tons of uranium-235 [ANL-W]
CONTRACTOR: University of Chicago and Argonne Universities Association

Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory (West Mifflin, Pennsylvania)

ESTABLISHED: 1948
SIZE: 160 acres (0.25 square miles)
BUDGET: $354.8 million [including DOE's Pittsburgh Naval Reactors Office] (100 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 67 [federal]; 2,972 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Designs, builds and tests prototype naval nuclear reactors and trains U.S. Navy personnel in their operation and maintenance.
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: 272 grams of plutonium and approximately 5.5 kilograms of uranium-235
CONTRACTOR: Bechtel National, Inc.
FORMER CONTRACTOR: Westinghouse Bettis Co. (formerly Westinghouse Electric Corp., Atomic Power Division), 1948-1998

Brookhaven National Laboratory [BNL]
(Upton, Long Island, New York, 60 miles east of New York City)

ESTABLISHED: January 31, 1947
SIZE: 5,300 acres (8.3 square miles)
BUDGET: $383.4 million (9.0 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 33 [federal]; 3,101 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Conducts research on nuclear weapons, nuclear waste remediation, nuclear materials production, nuclear safeguards and security, and verification and control technologies.
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: Approximately 41.6 kilograms of uranium-235 (all declared excess by President Clinton on March 1, 1995)
CONTRACTORS: Brookhaven Science Associates (a 50-50 partnership between The Research Foundation of the State University of New York?on behalf of the State University of New York at Stony Brook?and Battelle Memorial Institute of Columbus, Ohio); Bechtel National, Inc.; Duke Engineering and Services; Waste Management Federal Services, Inc.
FORMER CONTRACTOR: Associated Universities, Inc. (a consortium founded in 1946 by Columbia University, Cornell University, Harvard University, The Johns Hopkins University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, the University of Rochester, and Yale University), 1947-1998

Holston Army Ammunition Plant
(Kingsport, Tennessee, 85 miles northeast of Knoxville)

ESTABLISHED: 1942; began making high explosives for nuclear weapons in 1961
SIZE: 6,020 acres (9.4 square miles)
EMPLOYEES: 475 (as of 11/30/97)
FUNCTION: Sole source (since 1961) of a high explosive (HE) chemical powder used to fabricate high explosive lenses for nuclear weapons (see footnote 16 for further information).
CONTRACTORS: managed and operated for the U.S. Army by BAE Systems Ordnance Systems, Inc., a subsidiary of BAE Systems (formerly British Aerospace); Wackenhut Services, Inc.
FORMER CONTRACTOR: Holston Defense Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eastman Chemical Company, 1942-December 31, 1998

Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory [INEEL] ¹
(42 miles northwest of Idaho Falls, Idaho)

ESTABLISHED: 1949
SIZE: 571,800 acres (893 square miles)
BUDGET: $832.0 million [including DOE's Idaho Operations Office] (72.6 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 393 [federal]; 5,868 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Researches, develops, tests and evaluates naval and breeder reactors, manages high-level and transuranic nuclear waste, and produces plutonium-238 fuel in the Advanced Test Reactor. Fabricates depleted uranium armor at the Specific Manufacturing Capability Project for M1-A1 and M1-A2 Abrams tanks. From 1953-1992, the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant (ICPP)² reprocessed spent naval reactor fuel to recover uranium-235 (some of which was fabricated into fuel for the Savannah River reactors beginning in 1968) and krypton-85. Facilities include 52 reactors (3 still operating, 10 operable but currently shut down for lack of funding) and 11 stainless steel high-level waste underground storage tanks. Four reactors (two submarine prototypes and two aircraft carrier prototypes), all inactivated, are at the Naval Reactors Facility maintained by the Navy's Nuclear Reactors Office.
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: 0.5 metric tons of plutonium-239 (0.4 metric tons declared excess by President Clinton on March 1, 1995), 26.2 metric tons of uranium-235 (23.4 metric tons declared excess by President Clinton on March 1, 1995), and 40 kilograms of uranium-233
CONTRACTORS: Bechtel BWXT Idaho, LLC (composed of Bechtel National, Inc. and BWX Technologies); Bechtel Bettis, Inc. [Naval Reactors Facility]; University of Chicago [Argonne National Laboratory-West]; Inland Northwest Research Alliance
FORMER CONTRACTORS: Phillips Petroleum Co., Atomic Energy Division, 1950-1966; American Cyanamid Co. [ICPP], 1953; Combustion Engineering Inc., Nuclear Division [Naval Reactor Facility], 1959-1965; Aerojet General Corp. and Aerojet General Nucleonics, 1959-1965; Aerojet General Corp., 1965-1966; General Electric Company, 1965-1968; Idaho Nuclear Corp. (a jointly owned subsidiary of Aerojet General Corp., Allied Chemical Corp. and [beginning in 1969] Phillips Petroleum Co.), 1966-71; Aerojet Nuclear Co. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Aerojet General Corp.), 1971-1976; Allied Chemical Corp. [ICPP], 1971-1980; Exxon Nuclear Idaho Company [ICPP], 1980-1984; EG&G³ Idaho, Inc., 1984-1994; Westinghouse Idaho Nuclear Co. [ICPP], 1984-1994; Rockwell International Corp. [SMC] (Special Manufacturing Capability for M1-A1/A2 tank armor), December 1986-1991; Babcock and Wilcox [SMC] (Special Manufacturing Capability for M1-A1/A2 tank armor), 1991-1994; Lockheed Idaho Technologies Company (composed of Lockheed and Babcock & Wilcox Idaho, Coleman Research, Duke Engineering and Services, NUMATEC, Parsons Environmental Services, Rust International [Rust Federal Services] and the Thermo Electron Corporation [Thermo Technology Ventures]), a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, 1994-1999; Lockheed Idaho Technologies Company [ICPP], 1994-1999; Westinghouse Electric Corp. [Naval Reactor Facility], 1994-1999; Argonne National Laboratory-West [fast breeder reactor program], 1994-1999; Lockheed Idaho Technologies Company [SMC] (Special Manufacturing Capability for depleted uranium M1-A1/A2 tank armor), 1994-1999

Kansas City Plant ⁴
(12 miles south of downtown Kansas City, Missouri)

ESTABLISHED: 1949
SIZE: 136 acres (0.2 square miles; 113 acres of process buildings covering 3.2 million square feet)
BUDGET: $364.6 million (100 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 61 [federal]; 3,679 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Produces or procures electronic, electro-mechanical, rubber, plastic and metal components for nuclear weapons, including arming, fuzing and firing systems, radars and coded safety locks known as PALs (Permissive Action Links).
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: 1.2 grams of plutonium
CONTRACTOR: Honeywell Federal Manufacturing and Technologies, a division of Honeywell, Inc.
FORMER CONTRACTOR: Bendix Kansas City Division of Allied-Signal (formerly the Bendix Aviation Corporation), 1949-2000

Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory [KAPL]
(Niskayuna and West Milton, New York; Windsor, Connecticut)

ESTABLISHED: 1947
SIZE: 170 acres (0.3 square miles) at Niskayuna; 3,900 acres (6.1 square miles) at West Milton; 10.8 acres at Windsor
BUDGET: $274.2 million [including DOE's Schenectady Naval Reactors Office] (100 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 65 [federal]; 2,700 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Designs, builds and tests prototype naval nuclear reactors and trains U.S. Navy personnel in their operation and maintenance. Maintains two operational and two inactive (defueled) test reactors at Niskayuna, NY, and an inactive (defueled) reactor at Windsor, CT (shut down in March 1993).
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: 1.6 metric tons of uranium-235 and 171.7 grams of plutonium
CONTRACTOR: KAPL, Inc. (formerly Lockheed Martin-KAPL Company, Inc., a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation)
FORMER CONTRACTOR: General Electric Company, 1947-1993

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [LLNL] ⁵
(Livermore, California)

ESTABLISHED: July 1952
SIZE: 7,321 acres (11.4 square miles)
BUDGET: $1,132.5 million [not including DOE's Oakland Operations Office] (93.4 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 110 [federal]; 6,403 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Conducts research, development and testing activities associated with all phases of the nuclear weapons life-cycle, as well as research on non-proliferation, arms control and treaty verification technology. Facilities include an explosives test site, a tritium facility, the NOVA laser, the Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation (AVLIS) plant, Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) facilities, the National Ignition Facility (NIF, currently under construction) and the High Explosive Application Facility (HEAF).
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: 0.3 metric tons of plutonium-239, 0.2 metric tons of uranium-235, and 3.1 kilograms of uranium-233
CONTRACTOR: University of California, Board of Regents

Los Alamos National Laboratory [LANL] ⁶
(Los Alamos, New Mexico)

ESTABLISHED: Site selected on November 25, 1942 (code name Site Y).
SIZE: 27,520 acres (43 square miles)
BUDGET: $1,761.3 million [not including DOE's Albuquerque Operations Office] (81.2 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 70 [federal]; 6,687 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Conducts research, development and testing activities associated with all phases of the nuclear weapons life-cycle, as well as arms control and nuclear proliferation. Facilities include plutonium and tritium processing plants, an eight megawatt research reactor and various laser and high explosives buildings. Until April 1984, Los Alamos had the capability to fabricate and assemble nuclear weapon test devices.⁷
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: 2.7 metric tons of plutonium-239 (1.5 metric tons declared excess by President Clinton on March 1, 1995), 3.2 metric tons of uranium-235 (0.5 metric tons declared excess by President Clinton on March 1, 1995), and more than 1 kilogram of uranium-233
CONTRACTOR: University of California, Board of Regents

Nevada Test Site [NTS] ⁸
(65 miles northwest of Las Vegas)

ESTABLISHED: Selected in December 1950; first nuclear test on January 27, 1951; last on September 23, 1992; 928 total tests (100 atmospheric, 828 underground, including 24 joint U.S.-United Kingdom tests)
SIZE: 864,000 acres (1,350 square miles)
BUDGET: $581.8 million [including DOE's Nevada Operations Office] (92.6 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 17 [federal]; 2,345 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Field tests nuclear weapons for development, safety and weapons effects purposes. From the 1959 through 1972 a portion of the site, designated the Nuclear Rocket Development Station (NRDS), was used to test 21 above-ground prototypes of space nuclear propulsion reactors.⁹ In mid-1993, construction was completed on the $109 million Device Assembly Facility, (DAF), a 100,000 square foot building within a highly secured 22 acre portion of the test site. The facility includes five high explosives containment cells, called "Gravel Gerties," three weapon assembly bays, two radiographic areas and storage bunkers. In August 2002, the DOE announced that the TA-18 facility at Los Alamos will be relocated to the DAF.
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: 16 kilograms of plutonium-239 and 217 grams of uranium-235 (does not include significant residues resulting from testing activities)
CONTRACTORS: Bechtel Nevada Corporation; Johnson Controls Nevada, Inc.; Lockheed Martin Nevada Technologies, Inc.; Wackenhut Services, Inc.
FORMER CONTRACTORS: Test Division of the Santa Fe (later Albuquerque) Operations Office ,1951-1962; Holmes & Narver, Inc., 1956-1990; Fenix & Sisson of Nevada, Inc., 1963-1990; EG&G Energy Measurements, Inc., 1951-1995; Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Co. (REECo), 1953-1995; Raytheon Services Nevada (RSN), 1990-1995

Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc.
(Erwin, Tennessee)

ESTABLISHED: Constructed in 1957; developed naval fuel fabrication process between 1964-1968; awarded contract for the U.S.S. Nimitz reactors in 1968.
SIZE: 66 acres (0.1 square miles)
EMPLOYEES: 380 (as 10/1/97)
FUNCTION: Sole facility (since 1978) to convert uranium hexafluoride into the chemical and physical form used in naval reactor fuel elements.¹⁰
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: Unknown
CONTRACTOR: Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc.¹¹

Oak Ridge Reservation [ORR] ¹²
(Oak Ridge, Tennessee)

ESTABLISHED: Site selected on September 19, 1942 (code name Site X)
SIZE: 35,252 acres (55.1 square miles) [2900 acres/4.5 square miles (ORNL); 1500 acres/2.3 square miles (K-25 Plant); 811 acres/1.3 square miles (Y-12 Plant)]
BUDGET: $1,587.6 million (not including DOE's Oak Ridge Operations Office) (60.1 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 593 [federal]; 14,046 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Produces weapon components to support to support the activities of the design laboratories and the Nevada Test Site, fabricates materials for the naval nuclear reactor program, and stores (in the Y-12 Plant) highly-enriched uranium (HEU) returned from dismantled weapons. Formerly produced uranium-235 (483 metric tons) and lithium-6 deuteride (442.4 metric tons) for nuclear weapons. Site of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL).
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: 189 metric tons of uranium-235 and 3.0 metric tons of low-enriched uranium at the Y-12 Plant¹³, 1.5 metric tons of uranium-235 at the K-25 Plant¹⁴, and 1.4 metric tons of uranium-235 and 424 metric kilograms of uranium-233 at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. (84.9 metric tons of uranium-235 declared excess by President Clinton on March 1, 1995)
CONTRACTORS: UT-Battelle, LLC (a joint venture of the University of Tennessee and Battelle Memorial Institute); Bechtel National, Inc.; Bechtel Jacobs Company LLC (a joint venture of Bechtel National, Inc. and Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc.); BWXT Y-12, LLC (a unit of McDermott International); M-K Ferguson Oak Ridge, Co.; Oak Ridge Associated Universities; Southeastern Universities Research Association; Wackenhut Services, Inc.
FORMER CONTRACTORS: Built by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company; Tennessee Eastman Corporation, a subsidiary of Eastman Kodak [Y-12 Plant], 1943-1947; Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago [X-10 Plant], 1943-1945; Monsanto Chemical Corporation [X-10 Plant], 1945-1947; Union Carbide Corp. Nuclear Division (formerly Carbide and Carbon Chemical Corp.) [K-25 Plant], 1943-1984; Union Carbide Corp. Nuclear Division (formerly Carbide and Carbon Chemical Corp.) [Y-12 Plant], 1947-1984; Union Carbide Corp. Nuclear Division (formerly Carbide and Carbon Chemical Corp.) [ORNL], 1948-1984; Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. (a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, formerly Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.), 1984-1998; Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation (a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation), 1998-2000; Westinghouse Environmental Management Co., ?-2000; Molten Metal Technology, Inc., 1994-2000

Pantex Plant ¹⁵
(17 miles northeast of Amarillo, Texas)

ESTABLISHED: 1942, to load TNT and other explosives into conventional shells. Site selected for nuclear weapons work in 1950; extensive renovations completed in 1952 and first assembly (of Mk-6 bombs) occurred in May 1952.
SIZE: 16,000 acres (25 square miles)
BUDGET: $340.3 million (100 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 89 [federal]; 2,920 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Currently evaluates, refurbishes, and modifies stockpiled weapons, fabricates high-explosive components¹⁶ and disassembles retired nuclear weapons. Formerly assembled weapons. Last new nuclear weapon (W88 warhead) assembled on July 31, 1990.
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: Classified. As of May 6, 1999, 12,067 plutonium pits and an estimated 300-400 assembled weapons were stored in protective bunkers called igloos. As of September 1994, there were 66.1 metric tons of plutonium-239 in currently deployed weapons, weapons destined for disassembly at Pantex and those presently stored at Pantex. Of that total, 21.3 metric tons was declared excess by President Clinton on March 1, 1995. An additional 16.7 metric tons of uranium-235 was also declared excess.
CONTRACTOR: BWXT Pantex
FORMER CONTRACTORS: Procter & Gamble Defense Corporation, 1952-1956; Mason and Hanger-Silas Mason Company, Inc. (a subsidiary of Day and Zimmerman since 1999), 1956-2001

Sandia National Laboratories [SNL] ¹⁷
(inside Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Livermore, California;
Tonopah Test Range [northwest of the Nevada Test Site], Nevada)

ESTABLISHED: 1945 (in Albuquerque), 1956 (in Livermore)
SIZE: 7,600 acres (11.9 square miles) at Kirtland/Albuquerque; 413 acres (0.6 square miles) at Livermore; 409,600 acres (640 square miles) at Tonopah
BUDGET: $1,180.7 million [not including DOE's Albuquerque Operations Office] (91.9 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 46 [federal]; 7,576 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Responsible for research, development and testing of all non-nuclear components in nuclear weapons; manufactures neutron generators; develops transportation and storage systems for nuclear weapons; assesses nuclear weapons safety, security and control and helps train military personnel in the assembly and maintenance of completed weapons.
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: 0.9 metric tons of uranium-235 (0.2 metric tons declared excess by President Clinton on March 1, 1995) and 8.1 kilograms of plutonium (Livermore)
CONTRACTOR: Sandia Corporation (a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation)
FORMER CONTRACTORS: University of California, Board of Regents, 1945-10/31/49; Sandia Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Western Electric Company, Inc. (later AT&T Technologies, Inc., a subsidiary of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company), 11/1/49-1993

Savannah River Site [SRS] ¹⁸
(12 miles south of Aiken, South Carolina)

ESTABLISHED: Site selected on November 22, 1950; operations began on October 3, 1952, with basic plant construction completed in 1956.
SIZE: 198,400 acres (310 square miles; production facilities occupy approximately 16 square miles)
BUDGET: $1,733.1 million [including DOE's Savannah River Operations Office (97.9 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 556 [federal]; 13,231 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Manages high-level nuclear wastes and refills tritium reservoirs. Processes plutonium-238 for use in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs). Formerly produced weapon-grade plutonium (36.1 metric tons), tritium and deuterium for nuclear weapons. Facilities include five reactors, two chemical separation plants, two tritium facilities, 51 high-level waste underground storage tanks, a high-level waste plant (the Defense Waste Processing Facility) and a completed but unopened naval reactor fuel fabrication facility.
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: 2.0 metric tons of plutonium-239 (1.3 metric tons declared excess by President Clinton on March 1, 1995) and 24.4 metric tons of uranium-235 (22 metric tons declared excess by President Clinton on March 1, 1995)
CONTRACTORS: Westinghouse Savannah River Company; Bechtel; Wackenhut Services, Inc.
FORMER CONTRACTOR: Built and operated by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, 1950-1989

Waste Isolation Pilot Plant [WIPP]
(26 miles east of Carlsbad, New Mexico)

ESTABLISHED: Conceptual work in mid-1970s; construction began on July 4, 1981
SIZE: 10,240 acres (16 square miles)
BUDGET: $208.2 million [including DOE's Carlsbad Area Office] (100 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 57 [federal]; 636 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: To assess the feasibility of safe underground storage of transuranic (TRU) waste from nuclear weapons manufacturing processes. The first shipment of waste to WIPP (from Los Alamos National Laboratory) was delivered on March 26, 1999.
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: None
CONTRACTOR: Westinghouse TRU Solutions, LLC; L&M Technologies, Inc.
FORMER CONTRACTORS: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1981-1985; Westinghouse WIPP Company (a subsidiary of Westinghouse Electric Corp.), 1985-2001

Yucca Mountain Project
(65 miles northwest of Las Vegas, adjacent to the Nevada Test Site)

ESTABLISHED: Surface-based studies began in May 1986. The Nuclear Waste Policy Act Amendment of 1987 designated Yucca Mountain as the sole site to be studied as a potential underground repository for high-level radioactive waste.
BUDGET: $141.5 million [Yucca Mountain Site Office only] (0 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 95 [federal]; 1,475 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Designated site for underground geologic storage of some vitrified high-level defense wastes and spent nuclear fuel from commercial power reactors.
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: None
CONTRACTOR: Bechtel/SAIC Company, LLC (BSC)
FORMER CONTRACTORS: TESS (TRW Environmental and Safety Systems), 1986-2001; B&W Fuel Company, 1986-2001; Duke Engineering and Services, 1986-2001; Fluor Daniel, 1986-2001; INTERA, Inc., 1986-2001; Morrison-Knudson Corporation, 1986-2001; Woodward-Clyde Federal Services, 1986-2001

Transitional/Closed Facilities ¹⁹

Apollo Plant (Apollo, Pennsylvania)
1957-1978

FUNCTION: Formerly converted uranium hexafluoride to naval reactor fuel, manufactured plutonium fuel rod elements for the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) reactor at the Hanford Reservation and (as of November 30, 1961) fabricated plutonium-beryllium neutron sources.
FORMER CONTRACTORS: Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation (NUMEC), 1957-1967; Atlantic Richfield Co., 1967-1971; Babcock and Wilcox, 1971-1978

Buffalo Works ²⁰ (Buffalo, New York)
1944-1957

SIZE: 191 acres (0.3 square miles)
FUNCTION: Former site for weapon production, research and development engineering and testing (functions transferred to South Albuquerque Works).
FORMER CONTRACTOR: ACF Industries, Inc. (formerly American Car & Foundry, Inc.)

Burlington AEC (Atomic Energy Commission) Plant ²¹ (Burlington, Iowa)
1947-1975

ESTABLISHED: Began producing high-explosive (HE) components in 1948; first assembly (of a Mk-4 bomb) occurred in 1949.
FUNCTION: Former site for nuclear weapon fabrication and final assembly (functions transferred to Pantex Plant).
FORMER CONTRACTORS: Ordnance Corps, U.S. Army, 1947-1963; Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co., 1963-1975

Clarksville Modification Center ²² (Clarksville, Tennessee)
1960-September 1965

FUNCTION: Warhead component testing and modification (functions transferred to Pantex Plant).
FORMER CONTRACTOR: Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co., Inc.

Dana Heavy Water Plant (Newport, Indiana)
April 1952-May 24, 1957 (on standby until July 29, 1959)

FUNCTION: Produced heavy water (deuterium) used for moderating and cooling production reactors and as a fusion source in early hydrogen bombs.
FORMER CONTRACTOR: Designed and built by the Girdler Corporation (under the direction of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company) and operated by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company

Destrehan Street Plant (St. Louis, Missouri)
1943-June 1958

SIZE: 45 acres
FUNCTION: Supplied uranium "feed materials" to facilities producing fissionable materials. Currently undergoing decontamination and decommissioning (D&D).
FORMER CONTRACTOR: Mallinckrodt Chemical Works

Fernald Environmental Management Project ²³ (Fernald, Ohio, 17 miles northwest of Cincinnati)
1953-present

ESTABLISHED: Construction began in 1951 and was completed in May 1954; production operations began in 1953 and ceased in 1989.
SIZE: 1,050 acres (1.6 square miles); 136 acres of process buildings
BUDGET: $311.0 million [not including DOE's Ohio Field Office] (100 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 55 [federal]; 1,989 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Formerly converted various forms of uranium into uranium metal for use as target and fuel elements in DOE production reactors. Processed depleted uranium for use in artillery shells and tank armor. Currently undergoing decontamination and decommissioning (D&D).
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: 3,373 metric tons of depleted uranium and 2,170 metric tons of low-enriched uranium
CONTRACTOR: Fluor Fernald, a unit of Fluor Global Services (known from 1996-1999 as Fluor Daniel Fernald, and from 1992-1996 as Fluor Daniel Environmental Restoration Management Corp. [FERMCO]), a subsidiary of Fluor Corp.
FORMER CONTRACTORS: National Lead Company of Ohio (NLO, a subsidiary of NL Industries, Inc.)²⁴, 1951-1985; Westinghouse Materials Co. of Ohio, 1986-1992

Hanford Reservation ²⁵ (Richland, Washington)
1943-present

ESTABLISHED: Site selected on February 8, 1943 (code name Site W); reactor operations began in September, 1944. Production of plutonium-239 ceased in 1988.
SIZE: 360,000 acres (562.5 square miles)
BUDGET: $1,984.4 million [including Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and DOE's Richland Operations Office] (89.1 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 170 [federal]; 11,137 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Formerly produced 54.5 metric tons plutonium-239 and 13 kilograms of tritium for nuclear weapons, as well as 12.9 metric tons of reactor-grade plutonium. Built and tested advanced reactor concepts. Current work focuses on high-level waste management and disposal and decontamination and decommissioning (D&D). Facilities include nine reactors, five reprocessing plants, 177 high-level waste underground storage tanks built between 1943 and 1976 and a shallow trench disposal site for dismantled and defueled submarine reactor compartments.
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: 11.0 metric tons of plutonium-239 (1.7 metric tons declared excess by President Clinton on March 1, 1995) and 0.6 metric tons of uranium-235 (0.5 metric tons declared excess by President Clinton on March 1, 1995)
CONTRACTORS: Fluor Hanford, Inc. (formerly Fluor Daniel Hanford, Inc.); Numatec Hanford Corporation; Duratek Federal Services of Hanford, Inc.; DE&S Hanford, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Duke Engineering & Services); Bechtel National, Inc.; Bechtel Hanford Inc.; Bechtel-Washington (Bechtel National, Inc. and Washington Group International; CH2M Hill Hanford Group, Inc; Battelle Memorial Institute [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory]²⁶
FORMER CONTRACTORS: Built and operated by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, 1943-1946; Garrett Corporation, 1943-1946; General Electric Company, 1946-1964; General Electric Company [Hanford Laboratories, Hanford Atomic Products Operation], 1946-1964; Isochem Inc. (a joint venture of the U.S. Rubber Corp. and Martin-Marietta Corp.), 1965-1967; United Nuclear, Inc. (formerly Douglas United Nuclear, Inc.), 1964-1977; Atlantic Richfield Hanford Co., 1967-1976; Rockwell Hanford Operations, 1977-1987; Westinghouse Hanford Co., 1987-1996; ICF Kaiser Hanford Co., 1987-1996; UNC Nuclear Industries, 1987-1996; Bechtel Hanford Inc., 1987-1996; BNFL, Inc. (a subsidiary of British Nuclear Fuels, Ltd., 1998-2000; ; Lockheed Martin Hanford Corporation, 1996-2000

Medina Modification Center ²⁷ (San Antonio, Texas)
Late 1958-July 1966

FUNCTION: Warhead component testing and modification, weapon repairs and retirements (functions transferred to Pantex Plant).
FORMER CONTRACTOR: Mason and Hanger-Silas Mason Co., Inc.

Mound Laboratory ²⁸ (Miamisburg, Ohio)
1947-present

ESTABLISHED: 1947
SIZE: 306 acres (0.5 square miles)
BUDGET: $113.8 million [not including DOE's Ohio Field Office] (90.8 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 34 [federal]; 740 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Until October 1994, produced non-nuclear components of nuclear weapons (e.g., detonators, timers, cable assemblies, pyrotechnic devices). Formerly developed tritium reservoirs; currently analyzes, disassembles, and recovers tritium from weapon components. Also assembled and tested plutonium-238 heat sources for radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) used in interplanetary probes, surveillance satellites, and classified military programs. Until November 30, 1961 Mound fabricated plutonium-beryllium neutron sources.
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: 2.2 kilograms of uranium-235 and 25 kilograms of plutonium
CONTRACTOR: BWX Technologies (formerly Babcock & Wilcox of Ohio), (a wholly-owned subsidiary of McDermott International, Inc.)
FORMER CONTRACTOR: Monsanto Research Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Monsanto Chemical Company (formerly the Monsanto Chemical Company), 1948-1988; EG&G Mound Applied Technologies, a subsidiary of EG&G, Inc., 1988-1997

Pacific Proving Ground ²⁹ (Enewetak, Pacific Ocean)
1947-1958 (on standby to July 1960)

ESTABLISHED: Selected on October 11, 1947; first nuclear test on April 14, 1948 ³⁰; last on August 8, 1958.
FUNCTION: Used for above-ground and underwater testing of 66 nuclear weapons (activities gradually transferred to Nevada Proving Ground during the 1950s). Some sites, notably Bikini Atoll, are still undergoing monitoring and decontamination.
FORMER CONTRACTORS: Test Division of the Santa Fe (later Albuquerque) Operations Office, 1947-1949; Holmes & Narver, Inc., 1949-1958

Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant [PGDP] ³¹
(16 miles west of Paducah, Kentucky)
1951-present

ESTABLISHED: Facilities built between 1951 and 1954; production operations for the nuclear weapons/naval nuclear propulsion programs began in 1953 and ceased in 1992.
SIZE: 3,422 acres (5.3 square miles); site encompasses 750 acres (1.2 square miles), including 74 acres of process buildings
BUDGET: The United States Enrichment Corporation does not release budget data for this facility; $104.1 million [DOE funded activities only] (100 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 8 [federal]; 8 [USEC]; 2,101 [contractor] (as of 12/5/97)
FUNCTION: Enriches uranium (formerly for nuclear weapons and naval nuclear reactors, currently for civilian power reactors).
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: Unknown
CONTRACTOR: United States Enrichment Corporation (a wholly owned subsidiary of USEC, Inc.)
FORMER CONTRACTORS: Union Carbide Corporation Nuclear Division (formerly Carbide and Carbon Chemical Corp.), 1952-1984; Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. (a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, formerly Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.), 1984-1998; Lockheed Martin Utility Services, Inc. (a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation); Bechtel Jacobs Company LLC (a joint venture of Bechtel National, Inc. and Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc.), 1998-1999

Pinellas Plant ³² (approximately six miles north of St. Petersburg, Florida)
1957-September 1994

ESTABLISHED: Construction began in 1956; production commenced in 1957.
SIZE: 90 acres (0.14 square miles)
BUDGET: $9.4 million (100 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 12 [federal]; 5 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Manufactured neutron generators, thermal batteries, lithium ambient batteries, special capacitors and switches and other electrical and electronic components for nuclear weapons. Also manufactured radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), using plutonium-238 capsules provided by the Mound Laboratory.
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: None
FORMER CONTRACTORS: Built and operated by the General Electric Company, 1957-1992; Lockheed Martin Specialty Components, Inc. (a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation), 1992-1994

Gaseous Diffusion Plant [PORTS] ³³
(Piketon, Ohio, 20 miles north of Portsmouth)
1952-present

ESTABLISHED: Facilities built between November, 1Portsmouth952 and 1956; production operations for the nuclear weapons/naval nuclear propulsion programs began in 1956 and ceased in 1992.
SIZE: 3,708 acres (5.8 square miles), including 93 acres of process buildings
BUDGET: The United States Enrichment Corporation does not release budget data for this facility; $140.3 million [DOE funded activities only] (100 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 14 [federal]; 6 [USEC]; 2,595 [contractor] (as of 12/1/97)
FUNCTION: Enriches uranium (formerly for nuclear weapons and naval nuclear reactors?511 metric tons from 1956-1992?currently for civilian power reactors). Some of this uranium has been purchased from Russia under the USEC's "Megatons to Megawatts" program.
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: 23 metric tons of uranium-235 (22.5 metric tons declared excess by President Clinton on March 1, 1995)
CONTRACTOR: United States Enrichment Corporation (a wholly owned subsidiary of USEC, Inc.)
FORMER CONTRACTORS: Goodyear Atomic Corporation, 1956-1986; Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. (a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, formerly Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.), 1986-1998; Lockheed Martin Utility Services, Inc. (a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation); Bechtel Jacobs Company LLC (a joint venture of Bechtel National, Inc. and Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc.), 1998-1999

RMI Titanium Company Extrusion Plant ³⁴ (Ashtabula, Ohio)
1952-1990

SIZE: 8.2 acres (357,192 square feet)
BUDGET: $16.2 million [not including DOE's Ohio Field Office] (100 percent defense-related) (2001)
FUNCTION: Formerly extruded uranium ingots into tubes and billets as a step in the fabrication of fuel and targets for the Savannah River production reactors. Production ceased on October 31, 1990. Currently undergoing decontamination and decommissioning (D&D).
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: 1 metric ton of depleted uranium
CONTRACTOR: Owned and operated by RMI Titanium Company (formerly Reactive Metals Inc.), which is jointly owned by the National Distillers and Chemical Corporation and the USX (formerly United States Steel) Corporation
FORMER CONTRACTOR: Bridgeport Brass Company, 1952-1963

Rock Island Arsenal (Rock Island, Illinois)
1947-1951; ~1956-1963 (Davy Crockett)

ESTABLISHED: July 1862; Atomic Energy Commission support began in 1947.
SIZE: 946 acres (1.5 square miles)
FUNCTION: Site apparently produced armored steel casings for Mk-3 and Mk-4 atomic bombs between 1947-1951. Casings were shipped via train to Iowa, where the train was joined to one carrying high explosive lenses from the Iowa Army Ordnance Depot. The train then proceeded to Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexico. From there, the casings were trucked to Sandia Base for storage and eventual assembly into weapons. From about 1956 until 1963, the arsenal also designed and built the non-nuclear components for the Davy Crockett infantry nuclear weapon.
FORMER CONTRACTOR: U.S. Army

Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site ³⁵ (21 miles northwest of Denver, Colorado)
1951-present

ESTABLISHED: Construction began in 1951; production commenced in 1952 and ceased in 1990.
SIZE: 6,550 acres (10.2 square miles)
BUDGET: $695.3 million [including DOE's Rocky Flats Field Office] (100 percent defense-related) (2001)
EMPLOYEES: 280 [federal]; 3,410 [contractor] (as of 9/30/97)
FUNCTION: Currently undergoing decontamination and decommissioning (D&D). Fabricates and repairs Safe Secure Transporters (SSTs) used to transport assembled weapons, weapons components and special nuclear materials (SNM). Formerly fabricated and assembled plutonium-239 "pits," uranium-235 (until mid-1965) and uranium-238 components, beryllium components and tritium reservoirs.
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ON-SITE: 12.7 metric tons of plutonium-239 (11.9 metric tons declared excess by President Clinton on March 1, 1995), 6.7 metric tons of uranium-235 (2.8 metric tons declared excess by President Clinton on March 1, 1995), and 262 metric tons of depleted uranium.³⁶
CONTRACTOR: Kaiser-Hill Company, L.L.C. (a joint venture subsidiary of ICF Kaiser International Inc., and CH2M Hill Cos. Ltd., and composed of Westinghouse Electric Corp., Babcock & Wilcox Co., Rocky Mountain Remediation Services [a joint effort of Morrison-Knudson Corp. and British Nuclear Fuels Limited], DynCorp Inc., Wackenhut Services, Inc., and Quanterra Environmental Services)
FORMER CONTRACTORS: Dow Chemical Co., 1952-1975; Rockwell International Corp., North American Space Operations (formerly Atomics International Division), 1975-1989; EG&G Rocky Flats, Inc., 1989-1995

Sequoyah Fuels Corporation Plant (Gore, Oklahoma)
1970-1992

ESTABLISHED: 1970
FUNCTION: Parts of the plant are closed and undergoing decontamination and decommissioning (D&D). Currently reprocesses depleted uranium hexafluoride (UF-6) to produce uranium tetrafluoride, commonly known as "green salt." Formerly processed natural uranium ("yellowcake") into uranium hexafluoride for use in the Paducah and Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plants.
CONTRACTOR: General Atomics
FORMER CONTRACTOR: Kerr-McGee Corp., 1970-1988

South Albuquerque Works
(Albuquerque, New Mexico, two miles west of Kirtland Air Force Base)
1952-1967

FUNCTION: Former site for weapons research, development engineering, testing, production and fabrication activities as well as operations associated with reactors and space programs³⁷
FORMER CONTRACTOR: ACF Industries, Inc. (formerly American Car & Foundry, Inc.), Albuquerque Division

United Nuclear Corporation Plant (Hermatite, Missouri)
1961-1972

FUNCTION: Formerly converted uranium hexafluoride to naval reactor fuel
FORMER CONTRACTOR: United Nuclear Corporation, Chemicals Division (formerly Mallinckrodt Chemical Works)

Weldon Spring Feed Materials Plant
(Weldon Spring, Missouri, 27 miles west of St. Louis)
1958-1967